The, Land Of Opportunities By James Truslow Adams

The United States of America is often known as the â€Å"Land of Opportunities.† James Truslow Adams in 1931 wrote a book titled The Epic of America, and in it stated [the American Dream is a] dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†¦ [It is] a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able †¦ [to] be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.† (Adams). However, this American Dream can be hard to accomplish if one is living in poverty without the necessary resources to put their abilities to use. It is even more difficult for a child in poverty to gain access to these resources, let alone express their abilities and talents with them. Poverty in America affects children under the age of 18 academically, mentally, and physically, in addition to how well they may do in the futu re in regards to their education and career aspects. The word â€Å"poverty† is an abstract noun. This being said, everyone views poverty differently. Poverty can be especially difficult for a child to understand. For example, a child might think that they are living in poverty because they live in a house that is smaller compared to the size of houses that their friends live in. A different child might have an even smaller house than the first child and be envious of not only the first child, but of the other children that haveShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream : The Origin Of The American Dream1527 Words   |  7 Pagesto the success of it’s people. These components were noted by Tocqueville as â€Å"abundant and fertile land, countless opportunities for people to acquire land and make a living, lack of a feudal aristocracy that blocked the ambitious, and the independent spirit encouraged by frontier living† (â€Å"American Political Culture†). Alexis observed that in this newly founded country with loads of potential land, there were no boundaries or preset rules that prevented it’s people from fulfilling their dreams;Read MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1429 Words   |  6 Pagesdream came from the declaration of independence but I consider the first true interpretation of the american dream came from James Truslow Adams. The american dream according to James Truslow Adams, in his book The Epic of America states that: â€Å"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequatelyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay986 Words   |  4 Pageshave more things than the next person. The actual term â€Å"American Dream† became widespread in the 20th century by James Truslow Adams when he published his book Epic of America in 1931. Adams explains the American Dream as â€Å"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement† (â€Å"James Truslow Adams Papers†). Ever since then, the term and theme of the â€Å"American Dream† have been used in multiple literary piecesRead MoreThe American Dream: A False Sense of Hope Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pageswealthy. Surpris ingly however, the concept of the American Dream is a fairly new idea. The term the American Dream was coined by writer and historian James Truslow Adams. In Adams’ 1931 work The Epic of America he defined the American Dream as: That dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselvesRead MoreThe American Dream By Ralph Ellison1465 Words   |  6 Pagesis relatively new and can stand for different connotations depending on the context. It was created by James Truslow Adams and written down in his book, The Epic of America, which was published in 1931. He states that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†(Adams). However, the basis for the foundation can be traced back to the sixteenth century Puritans. The PuritansRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthe smarter and much more ordinary person out of the two, and Lennie, who is control led by his abundance of strength but very little mental capacity, set off to Soledad, California to acquire their dreams of settling down on a private owned piece of land and raise farm animals. The reasons behind Lennie and George’s previous migration is because of Lennie’s uncontrollable strength and urge to stroke soft things, resulting to charges of rape towards a women when he would not let go of her dress. SteinbeckRead MoreThe Idea of the â€Å"American Dream†1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream Final Exam By: Uday Govindswamy Period 2 The idea of the â€Å"American Dream† was first used in the book The Epic of America, written by James Truslow Adams, in 1931. Adams stated that the American Dream is, â€Å"the dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†¦(31) â€Å". The key elements of the American Dream include: access to a college education, owning a home, enjoying politicalRead MoreThe American Dream By Alexis De Tocqueville1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is the idea that every United States citizen has equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and determination. However, ideas of the dream have evolved throughout time from the 18th century up to present day. The general population’s view and my view of the American Dream both have altered throughout time. My idea of the American Dream has developed from not only today’s views on The Dream, but also from t he evolutionary process the meaning has been through. ThroughoutRead MoreThe American Dream By James Truslow Adams1500 Words   |  6 Pageslast week. But even so, this shared dream faces problems. To solve the problem, the American Dream has to be defined. James Truslow Adams, author of the 1931 book The Epic of America, was the first person to mention and therefore define the American Dream. He established it as: â€Å"[T]hat dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†¦ It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream ofRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1231 Words   |  5 PagesS. has an equal opportunity to succeed has been around since 1931. The problem with the American dream today is that in reality people don’t have the same opportunities as they used to. The American Dream may actually just be a dream with no real evidence to prove it’s true. Rana Foroohar, author of â€Å"What Ever Happened to Upward Mobility,† discusses why the American Dream isn’t the same as it used to be and how other countries are doing better at providing equality and opportunity than the United

Questions On Computer Skills Developed Over The Semester

HRER 816 Lesson 15 Assignment Student Name: Stephanie R. White Last 4 digits of your PSU ID Number: 1585 Complete the following assignment directly on this document. Select the Submit Assignment button and use the File Upload tab to upload your file. Select Submit Assignment to complete your assignment. There is no set volume or word count expected for your answers. APPLICATION (50 points) This last assignment asks you to use a variety of skills developed over the semester. You will be jumping right into today’s headlines by looking at a specific policy or piece of legislation related to labor markets and the macroeconomy. Be sure to read the materials on the macroeconomy from the reading list before starting the assignment. This†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, the state has not been able to provide them with employment opportunities. Furthermore, economic policies on unemployment are specific steps taken by the government to reduce the rate of unemployment. Ideally, the only solution to higher rates of unemployment is to create more job opportunities. An economy which experiences 2-3% growth can comfortably create more than 150,000 jobs. However, when it fails to do so, it means the economic growth is below 2%. â€Å"A very low economic growth calls for drastic monetary policies, for instance, making an elaborate policy to borrow from the Federal Reserves† (Bittle Jean, 2012). â€Å"Monetary policy consists of the deliberate actions taken by the Federal Reserve authorities to adjust the nation’s money supply and interest rates to promote full employment, price stability, and economic growth† (Contemporary Labor Economics, 2013). Monetary policies from the Federal reserves have been effective since they give the United States’ families an opportunity to borrow at cheaper rates. Contrary, the â€Å"Federal Reserve says it’s time to take away the punch bowl† (Soergel, 2017). Even though monetary policies have been instrumental in reducing the rates of unemployment in the United States, these policies have been supported and opposed on equal measures. The Federal Reserve makes use of monetary policy to create more money which allowsShow MoreRelatedHow I Learned At University Of Miami1139 Words   |  5 PagesSummarizing Your Semester While I was attending one of my classes, the professor asked us a surprising question regarding our purpose for studying at University of Miami. The question was whether our goal is to claim the Bachelor degree or expanding our knowledge about the major we’re studying? I was completely shocked by the question because I have never thought about studying engineering in this perspective. All I wanted was to get the Bachelor degree in order to secure my future. I kept thinkingRead More The Connections Between Artificial Intelligence and Other Fields1724 Words   |  7 Pageshave existed, and eventually programming a machine to do the same. This incredible capacity to find solutions is what AI offers to so many other fields. Artificial intelligence research is not tied to the fields of engineering, psychology, or even computer science. The techniques used in AI have found uses within a large number of other fields. Within the course of this paper, the elements of AI will be outlin ed, and the way in which they benefit other fields will be explored. Several examples of theseRead MoreThe Frequency of Social and Intellectual Activities Within Young Adults and Their Influences on Cognitive Functioning1759 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this project is to investigate the frequency of both social and intellectual activities within young adults (university students) and to determine which has more influence on their cognitive functioning skills such as attention, perception, memory, problem solving and reasoning. There has been a lot of research into the decline in cognitive abilities as we get older and how our lifestyle affects these abilities. However, there is a lack of research considering the lifestyle effects inRead MoreReflection On Self Evaluation / Reflections1612 Words   |  7 PagesSelf Evaluation/ Reflections Every one has their subjects that they love and hate, and for it was defiantly writing. Writing is something I dreaded for a long time; I developed my hatred towards writing since probably elementary school. I hate writing when I’m expected to put a spin on a subject that just doesn’t work for me, personally. There are many times when I have papers due and sometimes I feel like I have nothing to say towards the topic. I could write a paragraph but to continuously writeRead MoreMusic Industry: Written Report1615 Words   |  7 Pages[pic] Music Industry Assignment 2 (of 2) Level 6 - Semester 1 2012/13 Module Leader: Justin Morey (j.morey@leedsmet.ac.uk) - Room Caedmon 218 Teaching Team: Bob Brazill Andrew Fryer Justin Morey Sam Nicholls Guest Speakers tbc. This assignment is one half of the work required for this module. You will also need to complete Assignment 1. Assignment 2 (of 2) - Written Report (50%) Answer one of the following questions (1600-2000 words) 1. You are a member of a band whichRead MoreThe Science Of Computer Science1277 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic Statement of Purpose NAME: Master of Science in Computer Science The 21st century has been driven by the advances of technology. Its applications span from the primitive audio players to the advanced robotics involving Artificial Intelligence. All this has happened only because of the continuous development of the modern technology. This rapidly advancing field of science attracted my interest and made me choose Computer Science as the major field of study in my Bachelor of Engineering.Read MoreBenefits Of Distance Education1704 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as those may not be avoidable for all, though. For those who do not have computer or internet access, distance education is not an option. Although it may not be available to all, online courses are usually accessible to many people and give them an opportunity for an education. Distance education makes learning and communication easier for students and teachers alike. The comfort students find through talking over the internet can help them express themselves to their teacher in a way they would Read MoreMy Experience As A Pre-Pharmacy Student Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesargue that majoring in Pharmacy is too difficult, I would be their nemesis. As a college student I witness many students pursuing certain professions because they know their college years will be a breeze. I have never been one of those students. Over the past couple of years I have matured and have become a well-rounded person because of my involvement in school. Being a pre-pharmacy student has taught me how to strive for excellence in my classes and in other day- to-day activities. Spending hoursRead MoreWhy I Am Interested About Psychology And Become A Clinical Psychologist Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesvery excited about! I’m quite friendly and a people’s person, everyone that meets me usually tells me how easy I am to get along with. I can quite honestly start a conversation with anyone and am very chatty! Throughout my years at RMIT, I have developed lifelong friendships that I value so much. 3. Demonstrated ability to facilitate learning (experience gained in any context will be highly valued) In my spare time, I tutor my cousins with their mathematics and English homework. A week ago one ofRead MoreEssay on Counselling Skills2275 Words   |  10 Pagesinvolves the counsellor using skills in which they possess in order to communicate effectively with clients (Hough, 1998). This reflective essay clearly articulates my application of counselling skills used in this practice session and suggestions for improvement. It will provide a summary of the session, identification of a range of skills used and a brief explanation of the reasons for using the skill. It will also provide an evaluation of my application of the skills chosen, including verbatim examples

Swot Analysis of the Green Directory Free Essays

SWOT Analysis Of The Green Directory Strengths: –The Green Directory (â€Å"GD†) allows unlimited access for all users and no fee is required. –The relevant information is available to all visitors. –GD recommends and presents only classified, selected and specialised companies –Website presentation is clearly structured and designed. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of the Green Directory or any similar topic only for you Order Now –Provides ‘one-stop service’ website, as well as the leading ‘green’ guides within Australia. –Easy to find directory – GD provides direct links to its partners, sponsors and advertisers. -Wide range of services and products as well as topics has made the website easy for user to find anything related ‘Green’. Weaknesses: — Unclear information on the support and recommendations by the Australian Government. — GD is just facilitator which means that interested visitors have to contact the listed companies directly. –The benefits for advertising are not clearly shown in the website. –Online enquiry form is not available – Interested visitors in ‘green’ products and services have to contact the listed companies directly. -Certain information provided in the web page is not up to date. –Poor maintenance of the website as there are few missing links found in the website. –Limited information about local events, fairs and exhibitions. –No contact number or hotline number for customer enquiry Opportunities: –Increase the profile of GD by cooperation with nationwide and regional publishers (such as Yellow Pages, newspaper, magazine) as well as popular ‘green’ institutions. -It is a green awareness happening all over the world and it’s about social responsibility and ethic of environmental friendly. –Further enhance the website by placing more latest offers and products photos to attract more users. –Send frequent e-mail to users to keep them updated with the latest information. –Provide a hotline number to handle real-time customer call-in enquiry to improve the customer service –Provide hardcopy brochure when requested by user so as not only limit the usage to internet users only Threats: -Pe ople without internet access have not the opportunity to receive the requested information. –Unavailable/ inaccurate information to users due to the missing/ outdated contents might cause reputational risk to the GD. –Easy to copy by competitor to create new business/ competition. –Green products price usually higher than normal product that would cause very big investment to the users. Thus there is a challenge in convincing user to purchase without much attractive promotion/ offer. –Data security is not clarified and this might affects customer confidence. How to cite Swot Analysis of the Green Directory, Papers

Perspective and Values of Generation Y

Question: In what way does your perspective and your values align with the generations as referenced in our textbook (see Manning Curtis, 2015, p. 336)? Do you share the values and perspectives of several generations? Only one in particular? Answer: Generation Y are regarded as millennial. They are found to be multitasking, tech-savvy, ethnically diverse and independent (Bolton et al., 2013). The people who were born between 1980- 1999 are known as Generation Y. People of this generation had had experienced the evolution of technology. From internet blooming to modernisation of equipments, this generation had come across various changes for the betterment of the society (Bilgihan et al., 2013). This had transformed them into multitasked and tech-savvy person as they have grown up. References Bilgihan, A., Okumus, F., Cobanoglu, C. (2013). Generation Y travelers commitment to online social network websites.Tourism Management,35, 13-22. Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., ... Solnet, D. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda.Journal of Service Management,24(3), 245-267.

The Perspective of Cultural Differences Essay Example

The Perspective of Cultural Differences Paper The Perspective of Cultural Differences The Myth of the Latin Women by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the author states how she has been treated by different people in different countries due to their conception of her as a Latin woman. She points out several incidents where she is viewed, stereotypically, as a woman only capable of being a housewife and as a sexual object. She also shows the cross-cultural conflict Hispanics have to deal with on an everyday basis. This country, the United States is purely dominated by Caucasians, where cultural traditions are seeing in Latin women, mistakenly, something purely sexual. She points out these differences to readers to understand why there should not be racial stereotype and gender in the society. In Cofers essay, she talks about the controversial stereotypes that many Latin American women experienced and are still experiencing. In the article, she is trying to reach a specified audience of Latin American women who might have been exposed to such stereotypes themselves-for example, that of the Hispanic woman as Hot Tamale or sexual firebrand (Cofer 629). Then, she has her larger audience she is going towards, the people in this world who elieve in the stereotypes of Latin American women. A few examples are that all Latin girls are involved in some type of traditional womans work type of Job, cannot pronounce their words are energetic and sexy. She explains a personal situation when she went to a formal dance back in her grade school days. A boy asked her to go with him to dance, and of course she said yes. Throughout the formal dance, the boy leaned in for a kiss, but she quickly turned away, and then his response was, l thought you Latin girls were mature(Cofer 629). We will write a custom essay sample on The Perspective of Cultural Differences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Perspective of Cultural Differences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Perspective of Cultural Differences specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One can interpret from this portion ut of the article that an overarching theme to the authors writing style is her past experiences represented in a way that is not too forward on such a touchy subject as racial stereotypes but more in depth and revealing about actual problems experienced on this subject. The author uses very little Spanish in her article, but she used common Spanish language that even non-Spanish speaking people could still pick up on the language intended meaning. The author understands her audience is multi-cultural, therefore has different boundaries she must tip toe around. By giving some example of the words casas [households], bodega [grocery]. She repeats one word throughout the article which is Latin and Latina. She is proving a point, and reminds her audience that she is only talking about the stereotypes of Latinas and no one else. Therefore, she relies heavily on a very simplistic informative tone that expresses her experience clearly, but not in a strictly one culture view. By choosing the Spanish words to help identify the culture that she is describing she ties in people outside of that culture as well and does not use too complicated grammar for non-Spanish speakers. She wants to get her point across to the reader to not think of any other stereotypes that might be prevalent in their cultures due to her inexperience in those cultures. The tone that author created in her work has multiple aspects to it. First of all, the theme of her tone is one of serious information that has been compiled out of her past experiences. However reiterates some of the shameful racist acts she has encountered. Late one evening after the theater, my companion and I listened as the man half-recited, half bellowed Dont Cry for me, Argentina. (Cofer 630). Readers think this is the most crucial aspect f her tone in the paper, due to the fact that it gives her audience time to move away from dry information, and yet as they hear her story, they can also feel a sense of right and wrong, and how terrible these stereotypes really get. The final piece of tone that one notices is an underlying anger. She makes clear recollections of many stereotypical experiences right before she ends each one of these, there is a quick statement or interjection of hard, cold, and remembering anger at these terrible experiences and stereotypes. In retrospect I understand that my anger gave my eading fire, that I have almost always taken doubts in my abilities as a challenge-and that the result is, most times, a feeling of satisfaction at having won a convert when I see the cold, appraising eyes warm to my words, the body language change, the smile that indicates that I have opened some avenue for communication( Cofer 631). The author has made an excellent case to why it is desperately important that racial stereotypes be uprooted and forgotten. That she is a proud Latina woman does not mean she is in some narrow minded manner of thinking that would allow one to excuse her in a stereotypical manner. We are who we make ourselves in this world; the author proved that through all the stereotypes and hardships one might experience. She proved to be a talented, well-educated and expressive writer that represents her life experiences in a relevant method, making one think about the wall of stereotypes that surround these dark bouts of cruelty, which have held together negative cultural boundaries for so long. Works Cited Cofer, Judith Ortiz. The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria. Steps to Writhing Well with Additional Reading. 9th ed. Ed by Jean Wyrick . Boston: wadsworth Cengage, 2014. 625-627.

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essays

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essays Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essay Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Essay For investors, it is important to understand stock dividends and stock splits. Stock dividend is different from stock split.   While it is true that, in both cases, new shares of stock are issued to current stockholders, distinction between the two has been recognized.   The distinctive difference between a stock dividend and a stock split is that in the former, there is a capitalization of earnings or profits, together with a distribution of the added shares which evidence the assets transferred to capital, while in the latter, there is a mere increase in the number of shares which evidence ownership without altering the amount of the capital, surplus or segregated earnings.   In short, a stock split is but a dividing up of the outstanding shares of the corporation into a greater number of units without touching the stockholder’s original proportional participating interest in the corporation.   Stock split is basically one of form and not of s ubstance.Concept of dividendsA stock corporation subsists to make a profit and to allot a percentage of the profits to its stockholders.   The board of directors of a public corporation may declare dividends out of the unrestricted retained earnings which shall be payable either in cash, or in stock to all stockholders on the basis of outstanding shares held by them.   A dividend is that part or portion of the profits of a corporation set aside, declared and ordered by the directors to be paid ratably to the stockholders on demand or at a fixed time.   It is a payment to stockholders of a corporation as a return on their investment.   It is a feature of a dividend that all of the stockholders of the same class share in it in proportion to the respective amounts of stock which they hold.Without disturbing the capital stock, a dividend is an aggregate amount which can be shared among stockholders.   The term has been considered as suggesting that there must be a surplus or p rofits to be divided.   To warrant the declaration of dividends, there must be actual bona fide surplus profits or earnings over and above all debts and liabilities of the corporation.   Although a corporation has earned no profit from the current period, it may properly pay dividends from accumulated surplus out of previous years.   On the other hand, dividends may not be declared as long as a shortfall exists although; it has realized actual profit in the current year.Stock dividendsInstead of cash, a corporation may opt to declare stock dividend, which is a dividend payable in unissued or increased or additional shares.   Stock dividends do not decrease the value of the stockholder’s interest; they only bring down the cost per share of the stockholdings. To illustrate, Mr. X owned 200 shares of stock at $10 per share worth $2,000.   The company declared and distributed 25% stock dividend.   Mr. X would now own 250 shares for the same value of $2,000, with a new value per share of $8 (Heakal, 2003).   A corporation may increase its authorized capital stock by way of stock dividends without touching its unissued shares as long as there are retained earnings to justify the declaration.The declaration of stock dividend may be revoked at anytime before the actual issuance of the stock.   Unlike in cash dividend, a stock dividend requires, as a general rule, more than a mere declaration to make it effective.   It must be approved by the stockholders. Until the stock is actually issued, or at least in some manner especially set apart to the stockholders, its effect is not complete.   The so called stock dividend in shares of the kind already held gives the shareholder nothing in the way of a distribution of assets, but merely divides his existing shares into smaller units.   There is no increase in his proportionate claim upon the assets of the corporation or income by reason of such a paper dividend.   There is no obligation upon th e corporation to declare stock dividends, which are not distributions but only a change of the share and capital structure.   Since the declaration of stock dividend gives the stockholder nothing until all the formalities necessary to a valid increase of stock are complied with, its revocation, therefore, takes away nothing.   But unless rescinded, the shareholders have absolute right to their respective shares in the stock dividend so declared and actual delivery of the corresponding certificate is not essential to make the shareholder the owner of the dividend (De Leon, l993).Dividends DatesEssentially, there are three dates to observe in dealing with dividends.   The first to consider is the date of declaration where the board declares dividend and sets the amount of dividend, the payment date and the ex-dividend date. Next is the record date, where all list of of current stockholders who are to receive dividends are rolled up. The most important date is the 2-day period be fore the record date which is designated as the ex-dividend date. This is to allow completion of all unfinished transactions before the record date.   Those stockholders not on record or do not own the stock before the ex-dividend date will not be entitled to dividend payment. Proceedings not completed at the ex-dividend date, the price of the stock is immediately reduced as dividend payment dilutes the value of the company and investors absorbs the diminution in value (â€Å"Investing†, 2007).Effect of declaration of stock dividendA stock dividend transfers the surplus covered by such dividend into permanent account thereby placing it beyond the power of the board of directors to withdraw from corporate use and to distribute to the stockholders.   Such a capitalization of surplus adds nothing to and takes nothing from the corporation.   The corporation merely transfers the surplus to capital account and issue shares of stock to represent the same.   Such shares may b e preferred as well as common stock.After a declaration of stock dividends, the stockholder receives no greater proportional interest in the assets of the corporation that he had before.   In this regard, it is identical in substance with a splitting of original share in which outstanding shares are exchanged for an increased number of new shares of proportionally less par value than the old, leaving the aggregate value of all his stock substantially the same.   Such an increase simply dilutes the shares as they existed before.   The declaration of stock dividend is advantageous to existing creditors of the corporation to the extent that corporate earnings are capitalized, unavailable for distribution to stockholders.   At the same time, it improves the cash position of the corporation with expansion projects or programs eliminating the necessity of borrowing and paying high interest rates.Stock dividends are not taxable as income because they represent merely an unrealized gain to the stockholders who receives nothing from the corporation that answers the definition of income under the revenue code (â€Å"Strengthening†).Illustration:A, B, C, D and E organized a stock corporation with an authorized capital stock of $400,000 divided into 4,000 shares with a par value of $100 per share.   Each subscribed to and paid for 400 shares.   Hence, the actual asset of the corporation at the beginning of the business was $200,000.After a few years of profitable business, the assets of the corporation amounted to $400,000 with no debts.   Instead of declaring cash dividends, it was agreed to increase the capital stock in the form of stock dividends with a total value of $40,000 which amount represents the actual increase of his share or interest in the business.   At the start of the year, each stockholder held 400 shares with a total value of $40,000 which is 1/5 of the total corporate capital of $200,000.   At the close of the year, after stock dividends are declared, each stockholder still holds 1/5 interest in the corporation with his 800 shares worth $80,000 in relation to the increased corporate capital of $400,000.   But the proportional interest of each share in the corporate assets is decreased because of the increase in the number of shares, from 1/2,000 to 1/4,000 (Kennon, 2007).Stock dividend from issue of additional sharesWhenever an increase is made in the capital account of a stock corporation, the increase is valid only when it represents additional shares issued for which the equivalent consideration is received by the corporation.   The increase may be the result of an issue of additional shares or the re-investment of retained earnings effected by the distribution of shares as stock dividend.Hence, a corporation with outstanding no par value shares originally issued at $5 per share cannot increase its capital account by transferring its surplus to its capital account without issuing additional shares for the amount transferred.   Under such method, stockholders who have already paid in full their no par value shares would in effect be made to pay additional amounts for the same shares to increase their value.   No par value shares of capital stock issued shall be deemed fully paid and non-assessable.   Once no par value shares have been issued at their issued price, their value can no longer be changed.   Accordingly, such stock dividend by a transfer of the surplus to capital with no shares to be issued cannot be validly made (De Leon, 1993).Stock dividend distinguished from cash dividendStock dividend does not involve any disbursement to the stockholders of accumulated earnings, while cash dividend involves disbursement of said earnings.   Corporate creditors may reach for stock dividends, being still part of corporate property, while cash dividend declared and paid becomes the absolute property of the stockholders and cannot be reached by the creditors.   While co rporate capital is increased by a stock dividend, cash dividend does not.   Except in the sense that capital stock constitute a liability, no debt from the corporation to the stockholders is created by the declaration of stock dividend.   The declaration of cash dividend creates an obligation to the stockholders who then hold such stock.It is important to note that a dividend payable in stock is not synonymous with, and is not always or necessarily, a stock dividend.   A dividend payable in stock may, under some circumstances, is a cash dividend, as where the dividend consists in treasury stocks or in stocks of another corporation.Stock splitsThe board of directors may approve a stock split when the market is too high or too low, as sometimes investors are forestalled from buying or keeping their stocks.   In stock split, the market per share is adjusted by the same ratio which results in additional shares being issued and the market price being reduced to a trading level to attract investors. Stock splits are generally carried out in two different ways.   In a par value stock, the original certificate is converted into a new certificate validating the original shares, plus the new shares issued.   In a no par value stock, the stockholder keeps his original certificate but receives additional certificates for the additional shares issued. In either case, the split merely changes the number of outstanding shares without affecting the stockholders’ equity or the capital stock (Heakal, 2003).Illustration:X Corporation has 100,000 outstanding shares of stock, with a par value of $10 per share.   The board of directors feels that a lower price is necessary to attract more investors, it authorized that the 100,000 shares be replaced by 500,000 with a par value of $2.   Thus each stockholder will receive 5 shares in exchange for each share owned.   This increase in the number of outstanding share is referred to as stock split (Little, 2007).O n the other hand, the reverse stock split, involves the reduction of the outstanding shares into a smaller number of shares and it is done when it is felt that a higher price for the shares will be advantageous to the corporation.   Thus, in the same example above, the 100,000 outstanding shares may be called in and replaced by 50,000 shares with a par value of $20 per share.   There is an increase in the par value of outstanding shares with a corresponding reduction in the number of shares issued.If a stock splits, it does not make it a better investment or enlarges the share in the company’s earnings nor does it affect materially short sellers. The aim of stock splits is to lower the trading price of a stock to a level viewed as popular to investors. It is comfortable to purchase stock at $10 per share than at $100 per share. Hence, when share prices have moved up considerably, publicly-listed companies declare stock split.ConclusionOne way or another, the stock itself may change, whether it is a stock split or a stock dividend.   It is crucial that an investor must be fully aware of the character of corporate actions to understand how a corporate decision affects his interest in the business. Corporate action may bring a change in the stock (â€Å"Corporate†).Whether it is cash dividend or stock dividend, dividends matter. It is the evidence of profitability.   It offers unvarying return on a less secure investment. Dividends grow as the company grows thus providing more economic value to the investors. Some investors profit from dividends.   Investors would purchase stocks right after dividend is declared and sell it after collecting the dividend, thus, receiving dividend at no cost.   However, this does not usually happen successfully as the dividend payout reflects immediately the stock price.It is important that an investor understands stock splits.   Stock splits do not change the equity of the company or the net assets of t he business.   Board of directors approves stock splits to maintain high level of trading activity of its stock. Sometimes a reverse stock split is decided to discourage small investors and maintain its status because a relatively low stock price is considered highly speculative and often trades over the counter.

Astr hw4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Astr hw4 - Essay Example With the activities that occur in the volcano that is the first theory, the earth experienced the cooling that made the elements cool. The elements are then exposed to the atmosphere creating a combination of droplets. With the theory water is known to be the found on the earth’s surface. The theory does not fully explain the source since seventy percent of the water sources does not originate from the earth’s surface. In the second theory, water is meant to be formed from the comets and the earth grazing. This means that the water exists in form of the water molecules on the earth’s surface. At the same time, there is a difference between water at the sea and the one on the earth’s surface (Wiegandt, 2008). 3. The snowball theory gives a brief discussion on the coldest part of the earth. The theory suggests that the earth is all surrounded by ice. There is evidence supporting the theory by the fact that Sturtian and Marinoan have isotopes of carbon that is found at the sea water. There are also a number of marine deposits at the bark of the oceans. The irons and oxides formed enable the anoxia to spread into the oceans. There are also proofs that do not support the theory because the deposits don’t have same ages not even the age sets. The Sturtian has ripples while its thickness and characters are found at the base. 4. Europa the moon has liquid that is in form of water and can primitively save living things. The liquid has got characters that will enable the human life by containing molecules that are versatile. The liquid also dissolve the nutrients that are used in the digestion and waste removal by the living creatures. Europa also has the ability to tilt the surface enabling it to have life support. 5. With the origin of life, life is reported to start from the sea because of the structures like carbonate that are found at the vents of hydrothermal. With the formation of hydrogen sulphide, hot